مرور نظام‌مند تکنیک‌های کشتی: مبانی بیومکانیکی، آمادگی عملکردی، پیامدهای فیزیولوژیکی و راهبردهای کلیدی برای موفقیت

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

2 دانشیار گروه رفتار حرکتی و بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

3 استادیار گروه رفتار حرکتی و بیومکانیک ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

4 دانشیار گروه علوم کامپیوتر، دانشکده ریاضی، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

10.22080/jaep.2025.28237.2213

چکیده

اهداف: کشتی مستلزم تلفیقی از آمادگی جسمانی، مهارت تکنیکی و هوش تاکتیکی است. با وجود سابقه طولانی و پژوهش‌های متعدد، همچنان کاستی‌هایی در ارائه چشم‌اندازی جامع از ابعاد بیومکانیکی، فیزیولوژیکی، تکنیکی و تاکتیکی این رشته وجود دارد. ازاین‌رو، مطالعه حاضر باهدف بررسی نظام‌مند دستاوردهای علمی در زمینه عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت در کشتی انجام شد.
روش مطالعه: به‌منظور گردآوری مطالعات معتبر، جستجویی نظام‌مند در پایگاه‌های اطلاعاتی PubMe، Scopus، Web of Science، Google Scholar، Civilica،SID  و Magiran با کلید واژه‌های مرتبط با کشتی در بازه زمانی ۲۰۰۰ تا ۲۰۲۴ صورت گرفت. مقالات کمی و کیفی مرتبط با بیومکانیک تکنیک‌ها، آمادگی جسمانی، پاسخ‌های فیزیولوژیک، پیشگیری از آسیب و تاکتیک‌های کشتی جمع‌آوری و با رویکرد موضوعی تحلیل شدند. نتایج در قالب جدول‌هایی خلاصه و یافته‌های کلیدی آن‌ها در بحث به‌صورت تحلیلی و منسجم ارائه شدند.
یافته ­ها: نتایج ۳۴ مطالعه مورد بررسی نشان داد پایداری و هماهنگی عصبی - عضلانی برای اجرای موفق تکنیک‌ها ضروری است. استفاده از EMS عملکرد اجرای تکنیک‌های پرتابی را افزایش داد؛ ولی کم‌آبی و خستگی با کاهش سرعت و تعادل، عملکرد کشتی‌گیران را تضعیف کرد. آسیب‌های ضربه به سر، شبکه عصبی محیطی و ACL در این ورزش شایع بودند. افزون بر این، تنوع تکنیک‌ها در حالت ایستاده و خاک (Parterre) و تغییرات قوانین کشتی در سال‌های 2009 و 2013، شامل تغییر سیستم امتیازدهی، معرفی بازبینی ویدئویی، افزایش زمان راندها، و امتیازدهی به حرکات تهاجمی، تأثیر چشمگیری بر تاکتیک‌ها و پویایی مسابقات داشتند.
نتیجه گیری: یافته‌ها تأکید دارند که توسعه تمرینات تخصصی در زمینه پایداری مفاصل و هماهنگی عصبی - عضلانی، مدیریت وزن و خستگی و نیز استفاده از روش‌هایی نظیر EMS، می‌تواند اجرای عملکرد را افزایش داده و ریسک آسیب را کاهش دهد. همچنین، برنامه‌ریزی تمرین با توجه ‌به تنوع تکنیک‌ها در حالت ایستاده و خاک و درنظرگرفتن تغییرات قوانین، برای ارتقای عملکرد کشتی‌گیران ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Systematic Review of Wrestling Techniques: Biomechanical Foundations, Performance Fitness, Physiological Outcomes, and Key Strategies for Success

نویسندگان [English]

  • Kazem Esfandiarian-Nasab 1
  • Mansour Eslami 2
  • Fateme Salari-Esker 3
  • Rohollah Yousefpour 4
1 Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
2 Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
3 Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
4 Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objectives: Wrestling requires a combination of physical fitness, technical skill, and tactical intelligence. Despite its long history and numerous studies, there are still shortcomings in providing a comprehensive overview of the biomechanical, physiological, technical, and tactical dimensions of this sport. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically review scientific achievements in the field of factors affecting success in wrestling.
Methods: In order to collect reliable studies, a systematic search was conducted in PubMe, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Civilica, SID, and Magiran databases with keywords related to wrestling between 2000 and 2024. Quantitative and qualitative articles related to the biomechanics of techniques, physical fitness, physiological responses, injury prevention, and wrestling tactics were collected and analyzed with a thematic approach. The results were summarized in the form of tables and their key findings were presented analytically and coherently in the discussion.
Results: The review of 34 studies showed that stability and neuromuscular coordination are essential for the successful execution of techniques. The use of EMS (electrical muscle stimulation) improved the performance of throwing techniques; however, dehydration and fatigue weakened the performance of wrestlers by reducing speed and balance. Head trauma, peripheral nerve damage, and ACL injuries were common in this sport. Furthermore, the diversity of techniques in standing and ground positions (Parterre) and changes to wrestling rules in 2009 and 2013, including changes to the scoring system, the introduction of video review, increased round times, and scoring for aggressive moves, had a significant impact on the tactics and dynamics of competitions.
Conclusion: The findings emphasize that developing specialized exercises in the areas of joint stability and neuromuscular coordination, weight and fatigue management, as well as the use of methods such as EMS, can enhance performance and reduce the risk of injury. Furthermore, exercise planning that considers the variety of techniques in standing and ground positions, and takes into account rule changes, is essential for improving the performance of wrestlers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Wrestling Biomechanics
  • Functional Fitness
  • Physiological Responses
  • Wrestling Tactics
  • Evolution of Rules
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