تأثیر مکمّل‌گیری کوتاه‌مدّت کراتین و کراتین همراه با کربوهیدرات بر عملکرد بی‌هوازی فوتبالیست‌های جوان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار دانشگاه مازندران

2 کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه مازندران

3 کارشناسی صنایع غذایی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قوچان

چکیده

هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین تأثیر مکمّل­گیری کوتاه‌مدّت کراتین مونوهیدرات به صورت مجزّا و همراه با کربوهیدرات بر عملکرد بی­هوازی بازیکنان جوان فوتبال بود. آزمودنی‌های پژوهش را، 21 بازیکن رده سنّی زیر بیست و یک سال با میانگین سنّی 61/1±19 سال تشکیل می­دادند که به صورت داوطلبانه در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. آزمودنی‌ها پس از اندازه­گیری ترکیب بدنی آزمون پرش با افت ­اوّلیّه (CMJT) و RAST را انجام دادند. سپس به صورت تصادفی به سه گروه 7 نفره؛ کراتین+کربوهیدرات (5گرم کراتین + 25 گرم کربوهیدرات،4 وعده در روز)؛ کراتین (5 گرم کراتین،4 وعده در روز) و دارونما تقسیم شدند. مکمّل­گیری به روش دو سوکور و به مدّت پنج روز متوالی انجام شد و پس از آن آزمون­گیری مشابه با پیش‌آزمون تکرار گردید. برای بررسی تغییرات درون‌گروهی از آزمونt  هم‌بسته و برای تغییرات بین­گروهی از آنالیز واریانس یک‌طرفه­، در سطح معنی‌داری 05/0 p≤ استفاده شد. نتایج درون­گروهی حاکی از افزایش معنی­دار در حدِّ اکثر و میانگین­ توان ­بی­هوازی و عدم تغییر معنی­دار در شاخص ­خستگی و ارتفاع CMJT در دو گروه کراتین + کربوهیدرات و کراتین بود. علاوه بر این یافته­­های بین­گروهی تفاوت معنی­داری بین تغییرات سه گروه در متغیّر­های حدِّ اکثر و میانگین ­توان بی­هوازی، شاخص­خستگی وCMJT نشان نداد. به طور کلّی با توجّه به یافته­­های پژوهش می­توان چنین نتیجه­گیری کرد که اگرچه مصرف کراتین همراه با کربوهیدرات نسبت به کراتین­ تنها، اختلاف معنی­داری در عملکردهای بی­هوازی نداشت، بهبودهای اندکی علی­رغم افزایش وزن بدن در دو گروه کراتین مشاهده شد که ممکن است نقش تعیین‌کننده­ای در عملکرد ورزشی داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of‌‌ Acute Creatine and Combined Creatine and Carbohydrate Supplementation on Anaerobic Performance of Soccer Players

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zia Fallah Mohammadi 1
  • Shadmehr Mirdar Harijani 1
  • Amir Esmaeeli 2
  • Malihe Gholinejad 3
چکیده [English]

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute creatine-monohydrate (CR) and creatine plus carbohydrate (CR+CHO) supplementation on anaerobic performance in young soccer players. Twenty one young male soccer players (19±1.61 years) participated in the study who were matched and assigned to 3 random trials: CR+CHO (N=7, 4×­5 g/d of creatine + 25 g CHO) or CR­­­ (N=7, ­ 4×5 g/d of creatine) or placebo for 5 days using a double-blind research design. Before and after the supplementation protocol, subjects performed a counter-movement jump test (CMJT), and Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) after the measurement of body composition. T-test and one-way ANOVA were used to establish if any significant differences existed within and between groups at P ≤ 0.05 respectively. Maximum and average power and body mass improved significantly in the CR+CHO and CR groups, whereas there was no significant change in CMJT and fatigue index at post-test. Furthermore, there were no between group differences in maximum and average power; CMJT and fatigue index in CR+CHO and CR groups compared with placebo group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that although performance of an acute creatine loading together with CHO supplementation did not significantly improve anaerobic performances of soccer players but in spite of increase body mass, certain improvements were detected in Creatine groups which might have had an important role in the game results.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Acute creatine+carbohydrate Supplementation
  • RAST
  • CMJT
  • Soccer Players
. احمد­زاده، ریحانه (1385). جزوة کارشناسی تغذیه (ویژة دانشجویان صنایع غذایی). دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قوچان
2. Aaserud, R., P, Gramvik., S.R, Olsen, and J, Jensen (1998). Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 8:247 ـ 51.
3. Ahmun, RP., Tong, RJ., Grimshaw, PN (2005). The effects of acute creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycling and running performance in rugby players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, Feb; 19(1):92 ـ 7.
4. Balsom, P.D., K. Soderland., B. Sjodin., and B. Ekblom (1995). Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high ـ intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 154:303 ـ 310.
5. Bogdanis, G.C., M.E, Nevill., L.H, Boobis., & H.K.A, Lakomy (1994). Recovery of power output and muscle metabolism after 10 s and 20 s of maximal sprint exercise in men. Clin, Sci, 87:121 ـ 122.
6. Casey, A., D.Constantin ـ Teodosiu., S. Howell., E. Hultman., and P.L.Greenhaff (1996). Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 271:E31 ـ E37.
7. Casey, A., Greenhaff, P (2000).  Does dietary creatine supplementation play a role in   skeletal muscle metabolism and performance? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72: 607S ـ 17S.
8. Cooke, S., Petersen, S., & Quinney, H (1997). The influence of maximal aerobic power on recovery of skeletal muscle following anaerobic exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 75, 512 ـ 519.
9. Cornish, S., Chilibeck, P., & Burke, D (2006). The effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on sprint skating in Ice ـ hockey players. Journal of Sports Medicine and physical Fitness, 46, 90 ـ 98.
10. Cox, G., Mujika I., Tumilty, D., Burke, L (2002). Acute creatine supplementation and performance during a field test simulating match play in elite female soccer players. Int, J, Sport Nutr, Exerc, metab. 12:33 ـ 46.
11. Febbraio, M.A., T.R. Flanagan., R.J. Snow., S. Zhao., and M.F. Carey (1995). Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr, metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 155:387 ـ 395.
12. Glaister, M., Lockey, R.A., Abraham, CS., Staerck, A., Goodwin, JF., McInnes, G (2006). Creatin supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research May; 20(2):273 ـ 7.
13. Green, A.L., E.J, Simpson., J.J, Littlewood., I.A. Macdonald., and P.L. Greenhaff (1996). Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in man. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 158:195 ـ 202.
14. Haffman, J.R., Stout,  J.R., Falvo, M.J., Kang, J., Ratamess, N.A (2005) Effect of low ـ dose, short ـ duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance. J, Strength Cond. Res. May; 19(2):260 ـ 4.
15. Harris, R.C., Soderlund, K., Hultman, E (1992). Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin. Sci 83:367 ـ 374.
16. Hultman, E., Suderlund, K., Timons, T.A., Cederblad, G., Greenhaff, P.L (1996). Muscle creatine loading in men. J, Appl Physiol; 81:232 ـ 7.
17. Izquierdo, M., Ibanez, J., Gonzalez ـ Badillo, J. J., & Gorostiaga, E. M. (2002). Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle power, endurance, and sprint performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34, 332 ـ 343.
18. Kocak, S., & Karli, U (2003). Effects of high dose oral creatine supplementation on anaerobic capacity of elite wrestlers. Journal of Medecine and Physical Fitness, 43, 488 ـ 492.
19. Larson, D.E., G.R, Hunter., C.A. Trowbridge., J.C, Turk., P.A. Harbin., and S.L. Torman (1998). Creatine supplementation and performance during off ـ season training in female soccer players. Med, Sci. Sports Exerc, 30:S264.
20. Maugham, R.J (2007). Nutrition and football. The fifa / fmarc consensus on sports nutrition.
21. Mendes, R.R., Pires, I., Oliveira, A., and Tirapegui, J (2004). Effects of creatine supplementation on the performance and body composition of competitive swimmers, Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 15, 473 ـ 478.
22. Miszko, T.A., Baer, J.T., Vanderburgh, P.M (1998). The effect of creatine loading on body mass and vertical jump of female athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: S141. Abstract.
23. Mujika, I., S, Padilla., J. Ibanez., M, Izquierdo., and E, Gorostiaga (2000). Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Med. Sci. Sports. Exer. 32:518 ـ 525.
24. Okudan, N., Gokbel, H (2005). The effects of creatine supplementation on performance during the repeated bouts of supramaximal exercise. J. sport Med, 45(4):507 ـ 11.
25. Ostojic, S.M (2004). Creatine as power supplementation in young soccer players. Int, J, Sport Nutr, Exerc, metab. 14, 95 ـ 103.
26. Pluim, B.M., Ferrauti, A., Broeyhof, F., Deutekom, M., Gotzmann, A., Kuipers H., Weber, K (2006). The effects of creatine supplementation on selected factors of tennis specific training. Br J Sports Med. Jun; 40(6):507 ـ 11; discussion 511 ـ 2.
27. Rawson, E., Clarkson, P (2004). Scientifically debatable: Is creatine worth its weight? Sports Science Exchange 16 (4):1 ـ 6.
28. Reilly, T (2005). An ergonomics model of the football training process. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23,561 ـ 572.
29. Romer, L.M., Barrington, J.P., & Jeukendrup, A.E (2001). Effects of oral creatine supplementation on high intensity, intermittent exercise performance in competitive squash players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22, 546 ـ 552.
30. Sahlin, K (1992). Metabolic factors in fatigue. Sports Medicine, 13, 99 ـ 107.
31. Skare, O.C., Skadberg, O., & Wisnes, A.R (2001). Creatine supplementation improves sprint performance in male sprinters. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine, Science and Sports, 11, 96 ـ 102.
32. Smart, N.A., S.G, Mckenzie., L.M, Nix., S.E, Baldwin., K.P, Age., D.Wade., and P.K, Hampson (1998) .Creatine supplementation does not improve repeat sprint performance in soccer players. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30:s140.
33. Steenge, G. R., Simpson, E. J., Greenhaff, P. L (2000). Protein and carbohydrate ـ induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1165 ـ 1171.
34. Terjung, R.L., Clarkson, P.M., Eichner, E.R., Greenhaff, P.L., Hespel, P., Israel, R.G. et al (2000). The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation. Medicine and Science in Sports and exercise, 32,706 ـ 717.
35. Theodoru, A., Cooke, C.B., King, R. F., & Duckett, R. (1998). The effect of combined carbohydrate and creatine ingestion on anaerobic performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement abstract 1543.
36. Theodorou, A.S., K. Havenetidis., C.L, Zanker., J.P, OHara., R.F.G, King., C.B, Cooke., (2005). Effects of acute creatine loading with or without carbohydrate on repeated bouts of maximal swimming in high ـ performance swimmers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(2): 265 ـ 269.
37. Thornesen, E., J, McMillan, K, Guion, and B, Joyner (1998). The effect of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint performance. J, Strength Cond.Res.12:278.  
38. Vandebuerie, F., Vanden Eynde, B., Vandenberghe, K., Hespel, P (1998). Effect of creatine loading on endurance capacity and sprint power in cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine (19), 490 ـ 495.
39. William, J., Kraemer, J., S, Volek (1998). Creatine supplementation. American calleg of sports medicine.
40. Westerblad, H., JA, Lee., J, Lannergren, & DG, Allen (1991). Cellular mechanisms of fatigue in skeletal muscle. Am, JPhysiol, 261:C195 ـ C209.