Effects of 8 weeks dry-land core stability training on trunk muscles endurance, swimming speed and upper extremity performance in young female swimmers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Shafagh Institute of Higher Education, Tonekabon, Iran

2 Department of Sports Biomechanics and Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

10.22080/jaep.2022.23038.2091

Abstract

Background & Purpose: By considering the importance of core on balance and sports’ function, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of dry-land core stability training on trunk muscles endurance, swimming speed and upper extremity performance in young female swimmers.
Methodology: In this study, 24 young female swimmers (15-18 years old) participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into control and training groups. At first, core muscles endurance was assessed by McGill test, upper extremity performance was also evaluated by Y-balance tests, closed kinetic chain and athletic performance were measured by the speed and number of arm strokes at 50, 100, and 200 m swimming. After that, subjects of the training group participated in an 8-week core stability training program and the control group just engaged in routine swimming activities. At the end of the period, the pre-tests were re-evaluated in this course and after data collection, Shapiro-Wilk test for normal distribution and Leven’s test for homoscedasticity evaluation were done and based on their results, Mann-Whitney U and ANCOVA tests for comparing groups, by SPSS23 software with a significant level of 0.05 were used.
Results: After the training program, trunk muscle endurance tests (51% progression), arm stroke in all distances 8.86%, 5/88% and 2.80%), swimming speed at 50 and 100 meters (8.98% and 6.78%), Y-balance test (10.03%, 5.74% and 5.80%) and closed kinetic chain test (21.07%) improved and they were significantly different (P˂0.05) and just swimming speed (0.93% progression) differences at 200 meters was not significant.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the positive effects of applying a core stability training program on improving athletic performance of young female swimmers and it seems that using this training program can be useful to improve the swimmers’ speed, especially in short and medium distances.

Keywords


##Akoto, R., Lambert, C., Balke, M., Bouillon, B., Frosch, K.-H., & Höher, J. (2018). Epidemiology of injuries in judo: a cross-sectional survey of severe injuries based on time loss and reduction in sporting level. British journal of sports medicine, 52(17), 1109-1115 ##Almas Shehni, R., Hadadnejad, M., & Eftekhari, F. (2018). Effect of Core Stabilization Trainings on Function and Proprioception of Upper Extremity on Physically Active Women with Predisposition to Injury. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 7(4), 97-106. ##Borghuis, J., Hof, A. L., & Lemmink, K. A. (2008). The importance of sensory-motor control in providing core stability. Sports medicine, 38(11), 893-916##Brumitt, J. (2009). Injury prevention for high school female cross-country athletes. ##Cortesi, M., & Gatta, G. (2015). Effect of the swimmer’s head position on passive drag. Journal of human kinetics, 49, 37. ##Cortesi, M., Gatta, G., Michielon, G., Di Michele, R., Bartolomei, S., & Scurati, R. (2020). Passive drag in young swimmers: effects of body composition, morphology and gliding position. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6), 2002. ##Dendas, A. M. (2010). The relationship between core stability and athletic performance. Humboldt State University. ##Eskiyecek, C. G., Gül, M., Uludağ, B., & Gül, G. K. (2020). The Effect of 8-Week Core Exercises Applied to 10-12 Age Male Swimmers on Swimming Performance. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 9(3), 213-220. ##Fig, G. (2005). Strength training for swimmers: Training the core. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 27(2), 40-42##. Fredericson, M., & Moore, T. (2005). Muscular balance, core stability, and injury prevention for middle-and long-distance runners. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 16(3), 669-689. ##Gorman, P. P., Butler, R. J., Plisky, P. J., & Kiesel, K. B. (2012). Upper Quarter Y Balance Test: reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(11), 3043-3048. ##Harati, J., Daneshmandi, H., & Shahabi Kaseb, M. R. (2018). Comparing the Effects of Dry-Land and In-Water Core Stability Training Programs on Swimmers’ Upper Body Balance and Performance. Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 4(1), 17-29. ##Heinlein, S. A., & Cosgarea, A. J. (2010). Biomechanical considerations in the competitive swimmer’s shoulder. Sports health, 2(6), 519-525##Hermosilla, F., Sanders, R., González-Mohíno, F., Yustres, I., & González-Rave, J. M. (2021). Effects of Dry-Land Training Programs on Swimming Turn Performance: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(17), 9340##. Hibbs, A. E. (2011). Development and evaluation of a core training programme in highly trained swimmers. Teesside University. ##Iizuka, S., Imai, A., Koizumi, K., Okuno, K., & Kaneoka, K. (2016). Immediate effects of deep trunk muscle training on swimming start performance. International journal of sports physical therapy, 11(7), 1048. ##Imms, C. (2008). Children with cerebral palsy participate: a review of the literature. Disability and rehabilitation, 30(24), 1867-1884. ##Janda, V., Bullock-Saxton, J., & Vavrova, M. (1990). Sensory motor stimulation: Body Control Videos. ##Johnson, J. N., Gauvin, J., & Fredericson, M. (2003). Swimming biomechanics and injury prevention: new stroke techniques and medical considerations. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 31(1), 41-46. ##Karpiński, J., Rejdych, W., Brzozowska, D., Gołaś, A., Sadowski, W., Swinarew, A. S., . . . Stanula, A. (2020). The effects of a 6-week core exercises on swimming performance of national level swimmers. Plos one, 15(8), e0227394. ##Kibler, W. B., Press, J., & Sciascia, A. (2006). The role of core stability in athletic function. Sports medicine, 36(3), 189-198. ##Malone, L. A., Sanders, R. H., Schiltz, J. H., & Steadward, R. D. (2001). Effects of visual impairment on stroke parameters in Paralympic swimmers. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(1), 2098-2103. ##McGill, S. M., Childs, A., & Liebenson, C. (1999). Endurance times for low back stabilization exercises: clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(8), 941-944##Mok, N. W., Yeung, E. W., Cho, J. C., Hui, S. C., Liu, K. C., & Pang, C. H. (2015). Core muscle activity during suspension exercises. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 18(2), 189-194. ##Nasirzade, A., Ehsanbakhsh, A., Ilbeygi, S., Sobhkhiz, A., Argavani, H., & Aliakbari, M. (2014). Relationship between sprint performance of front crawl swimming and muscle fascicle length in young swimmers. Journal of sports science & medicine, 13(3), 550. ##Nesser, T. W., & Lee, W. L. (2009). The Relationship Between Core Strength And Performance In Division I Female Soccer Players. Journal of exercise physiology online, 12(2). ##Okada, T., Huxel, K. C., & Nesser, T. W. (2011). Relationship between core stability, functional movement, and performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 252-261. ##Olbrecht, J. (2015). The science of winning: planning, periodizing and optimizing swim training: F&G Partners. ##Page, P., Frank, C., & Lardner, R. (2011). Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: the Janda approach. Journal of orthopedic & sports physical therapy, 41(10), 799-800. ## Peterka, R. J. (2002). Sensorimotor integration in human postural control. Journal of neurophysiology, 88(3), 1097-1118. ##Peterka, R. J., & Loughlin, P. J. (2004). Dynamic regulation of sensorimotor integration in human postural control. Journal of neurophysiology, 91(1), 410-423. ##Richardson, C., Jull, G., Hides, J., & Hodges, P. (1999). Therapeutic exercise for spinal segmental stabilization in low back pain: Churchill Livingstone London. ##Rothwell, J. (2012). Overview of neurophysiology of movement control. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 114(5), 432-435. ##Roush, J. R., Kitamura, J., & Waits, M. C. (2007). Reference values for the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) for collegiate baseball players. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 2(3), 159. ##Santana, J. C. (2003). The serape effect: A kinesiological model for core training. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 25(2), 73-74 ##Sato, K., & Mokha, M. (2009). Does core strength training influence running kinetics, lower-extremity stability, and 5000-M performance in runners? The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 133-140. ##Sedaghati, P., Saki, F., & Sarlak, P. (2018). The Impact of Specific Core Stability Training on the Sports Performance of Teenage Competitive Swimmers. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 17(4), 305-318. ##Weston, M., Hibbs, A. E., Thompson, K. G., & Spears, I. R. (2015). Isolated core training improves sprint performance in national-level junior swimmers. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 10(2), 204-210. ##