Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Performance While Running at Maximum Heart Rate: Emphasis on Phase Space Dynamic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Background and Purpose: The aim of present study was to examine the difference between the cardiovascular performance of women and men due to running effects using phase space dynamics.
Methodology: Fifty four University students were voluntarily participated in this study and divided in two groups’ male (34 participants, 21.68±1.66 years old and 67.01±9.77 Kg) and female (20 participants, 22.4±5.33 years old and 54.1±5.79 Kg). Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters as a function of the cardiovascular system indices measured in these subjects. Using drawing the phase space dynamics and applying the Poincaré section, the features of the time-domain extracted. Data were analyzed by an independent t-test with a significance level (p<0.05).
Results: The results of this study showed that the HRV parameters, i.e., P-Com, PNN50, HRmax, Tr, and  in men’s group significantly altered compared to the women’s group. We found that the average time for reach to maximum heart rate was higher in the women's group and that the average PNN50 and rMSSD parameters in the men's, were higher than the women's, which was stimulated by the parasympathetic and vagus nerve and affected. So this point demonstrated the slowest rhythm of the heartbeat in men.
Conclusion: According to the experimental results, during exercise activities, there is a phenomenon of hysteresis in the cardiac phase space arising from the chaotic and nonlinear dynamics of the biological system in the human body. Therefore, the analysis of these parameters indicates that the intervals between two consecutive beats are higher in men. Thus, they have fewer beats rhythm. Besides, this group is almost more physically fit than women are.

Keywords


##Kiss O, Sydó N, Vargha P, Vágó H, Czimbalmos C, Édes E, et al. Detailed heart rate variability analysis in athletes. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2016;26(4):245-52.##Buccelletti E, Gilardi E, Scaini E, Galiuto L, Persiani R, Biondi A, et al. Heart rate variability and myocardial infarction: systematic literature review and metanalysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2009;13(4):299-307.##Kamath C. Analysis of heart rate variability signal during meditation using deterministic-chaotic quantifiers. Journal of medical engineering & technology. 2013;37(7):436-48.##Hilborn RC. Chaos and nonlinear dynamics: an introduction for scientists and engineers: Oxford University Press on Demand; 2000.##             Sessa F, Anna V, Messina G, Cibelli G, Monda V, Marsala G, et al. Heart rate variability as predictive factor for sudden cardiac death. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(2):166.##Constantinescu V, Matei D, Costache V, Cuciureanu D, Arsenescu-Georgescu C. Linear and nonlinear parameters of heart rate variability in ischemic stroke patients. Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 2018;52(2):194-206.##Hernando D, Garatachea N, Almeida R, Casajús JA, Bailón R. Validation of heart rate monitor Polar RS800 for heart rate variability analysis during exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2018;32(3):716-25.##Massaro S, Pecchia L. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis: A methodology for organizational neuroscience. Organizational Research Methods. 2019;22(1):354-93.##Shi P, Hu S, Yu H. Recovery of heart rate variability after treadmill exercise analyzed by lagged Poincaré plot and spectral characteristics. Medical & biological engineering & computing. 2018;56(2):221-31.##Tsuji H, Venditti Jr FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, et al. Reduced heart rate variability and mortality risk in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1994;90(2):878-83.##Tulppo MP, Makikallio T, Takala T, Seppanen T, Huikuri HV. Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise. American journal of physiology-heart and circulatory physiology. 1996;271(1):H244-H52.##Brennan M, Palaniswami M, Kamen P. Do existing measures of Poincare plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability? IEEE transactions on biomedical engineering. 2001;48(11):1342-7.##Cygankiewicz I, Zareba W. Heart rate variability.  Handbook of clinical neurology. 117: Elsevier; 2013. p. 379-93.##Routledge FS, Campbell TS, McFetridge-Durdle JA, Bacon SL. Improvements in heart rate variability with exercise therapy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2010;26(6):303-12.##Sabelli HC. Bios: A study of creation: World Scientific; 2005.##Goshvarpour A, Goshvarpour A. The potential of photoplethysmogram and galvanic skin response in emotion recognition using nonlinear features. Australasian physical & engineering sciences in medicine. 2019:1-16.##Goshvarpour A, Goshvarpour A, Rahati S, Saadatian V, Morvarid M. Phase space in EEG signals of women refferred to meditation clinic. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2011;4(6):479.##Goshvarpour A, Abbasi A, Goshvarpour A. Indices from lagged poincare plots of heart rate variability: an efficient nonlinear tool for emotion discrimination. Australasian physical & engineering sciences in medicine. 2017;40(2):277-87.##Bajestani GS, Golpayegani MRH, Sheikhani A, Ashrafzadeh F. Poincaré section analysis of the electroencephalogram in autism spectrum disorder using complement plots. Kybernetes. 2017.##Sabelli H. Complement plots: analyzing opposites reveals Mandala-like patterns in human heart beats. International Journal Of General System. 2000;29(5):799-830.##Sabelli H, Lawandow A, Kopra AR. Asymmetry, symmetry and beauty. Symmetry. 2010;2(3):1591-624.##Gifford RM, Boos CJ, Reynolds RM, Woods DR. Recovery time and heart rate variability following extreme endurance exercise in healthy women. Physiological reports. 2018;6(21):e13905.##Antelmi I, De Paula RS, Shinzato AR, Peres CA, Mansur AJ, Grupi CJ. Influence of age, gender, body mass index, and functional capacity on heart rate variability in a cohort of subjects without heart disease. The American journal of cardiology. 2004;93(3):381-5.##Tsuji H, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Larson MG, Feldman CL, et al. Determinants of heart rate variability. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1996;28(6):1539-46.##Medeiros AR, del Rosso S, Leicht AS, Hautala AJ, Boullosa DA. Methods of assessment of the post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery: Additional important factors to be considered. International journal of cardiology. 2017;239:23.##Boullosa D, Barros E, Del Rosso S, Nakamura F, Leicht A. Reliability of heart rate measures during walking before and after running maximal efforts. International journal of sports medicine. 2014;35(12):999-1005.##Voss A, Schroeder R, Heitmann A, Peters A, Perz S. Short-term heart rate variability—influence of gender and age in healthy subjects. PloS one. 2015;10(3).##Tanaka M, Kimura T, Goyagi T, Nishikawa T. Gender differences in baroreflex response and heart rate variability in anaesthetized humans. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2004;92(6):831-5.##Tulppo M, Mäkikallio T, Seppänen T, Laukkanen R, Huikuri H. VAGAL MODULATION OF HEART RATE DURING EXERCISE: EFFECTS OF AGE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS 814. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1997;29(5):141.##Goshvarpour A, Goshvarpour A. Poincare indices for analyzing meditative heart rate signals. Biomedical journal. 2015;38(3).##Massin MM, Derkenne B, von Bernuth G. Correlations between indices of heart rate variability in healthy children and children with congenital heart disease. Cardiology. 1999;91(2):109-13.##