The Effect of Endurance Training and High-Fat Diet on The Expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in Subcutaneous Adipose and Brown Tissues of C57BL / 6 Male Mice

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.

3 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

4 : Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.

Abstract

Background &Purpose: The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of eight-week endurance training and diet on the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in adipose tissue of obese and normal C57BL / 6 mice.
Methodology: Accordingly, 48 male C57BL / 6 mice were randomly divided into two groups: high-fat diet group, low-fat diet group (12 weeks).Then, both obese and normal groups divided into four groups based on weight average: High-Fat diet Endurance (HF-E), High-Fat diet sedentary (HF-S), Low-Fat diet Endurance (LF- E), and Low-Fat diet sedentary (LF-S).Groups trained on treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 days a week, with 19 m/min for 45 minutes. 24h after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed. Subcutaneous and brown adipose tissue were isolated and frozen in liquid nitrogen to measure the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1; using Q-PCR, for gene expression and two-way ANOVA (p˂0/05) as statistical analysis.
 Results: The results showed that the high-fat diet caused significant increase in Pgc1α levels in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, while obesity resulted in a significant decrease in it. Additionally, obesity and training resulted in a significant reduction of Pgc1α expression in the brown adipose tissue. Also, the expression of Ucp1 in the obese groups was significantly lower than in the normal groups (p˂0/05). Also it was found that Pgc1α and Ucp1 levels were decreased significantly in the subcutaneous and brown adipose tissues of obese, indicating disorders due to obesity.
Conclusion: Training led to increase in the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in the subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Keywords


##Ricquier D. Uncoupling protein 1 of brown adipocytes, the only uncoupler: a historical perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2011;2:85.##Scatena R, Bottoni P, Giardina B. Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine: Springer Netherlands; 2012.##Joffin N, Jaubert AM, Bamba J, Barouki R, Noirez P, Forest C. Acute induction of uncoupling protein 1 by citrulline in cultured explants of white adipose tissue from lean and high-fat-diet-fed rats. Adipocyte. 2015;4(2):129-34.##Harms M, Seale P. Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nature medicine. 2013;19(10):1252-63.##Tsiloulis T, Watt MJ. Exercise and the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Metabolism. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2015;135:175-201.##Sanchez-Delgado G, Martinez-Tellez B, Olza J, Aguilera CM, Labayen I, Ortega FB, et al. Activating brown adipose tissue through exercise (ACTIBATE) in young adults: Rationale, design and methodology. Contemporary clinical trials. 2015;45(Pt B):416-25.##Sae-Tan S, Rogers CJ, Lambert JD. Decaffeinated Green Tea and Voluntary Exercise Induce Gene Changes Related to Beige Adipocyte Formation in High Fat-Fed Obese Mice. Journal of functional foods. 2015;14:210-4.##Irving BA, Still CD, Argyropoulos G. DoesIRISIN Have a BRITE Future as a Therapeutic Agent in Humans? Current obesity reports. 2014;3:235-41.##Nakhuda A, Josse AR, Gburcik V, Crossland H, Raymond F, Metairon S, et al. Biomarkers of browning of white adipose tissue and their regulation during exercise- and diet-induced weight loss. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2016;104(3):557-65.##Zhang Y, Li R, Meng Y, Li S, Donelan W, Zhao Y, et al. Irisin stimulates browning of white adipocytes through mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 MAP kinase and ERK MAP kinase signaling. Diabetes. 2014;63(2):514-25.##Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang AH, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell. 2012;150(2):366-76.##De MatteisR, Lucertini F, Guescini M, Polidori E, Zeppa S, Stocchi V, et al. Exercise as a new physiological stimulus for brown adipose tissue activity. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2013;23(6):582-90.##Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJ, Goodyear LJ. Erratum. Exercise Effects on White Adipose Tissue: Beiging and Metabolic Adaptations. Diabetes 2015;64:2361-2368. Diabetes. 2015;64(9):3334.##Shen Y, Xu X, Yue K, Xu G. Effect of different exercise protocols on metabolic profiles and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle in high-fat diet-fed rats. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2015;23(5):1000-6.##Linden MA, Pincu Y, Martin SA, Woods JA, Baynard T. Moderate exercise training provides modest protection against adipose tissue inflammatorygene expression in response to high-fat feeding. Physiological reports. 2014;2(7).##Oh KS, Kim EY, Yoon M, Lee CM. Swim training improves leptin receptor deficiency-induced obesity and lipid disorder by activating uncoupling proteins. Experimental & molecular medicine. 2007;39(3):385-94.##Ohyama K, Nogusa Y, Suzuki K, Shinoda K, Kajimura S, Bannai M. A combination of exercise and capsinoid supplementation additively suppresses diet-induced obesity by increasing energy expenditure in mice. American journal of physiology Endocrinology and metabolism. 2015;308(4):E315-23.##Kusakabe T, Tanioka H, Ebihara K, Hirata M, Miyamoto L, Miyanaga F, et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on glycaemic and lipid control in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity induced by streptozotocin and a high-fat diet. Diabetologia. 2009;52(4):675-83.##Sutton GM, Trevaskis JL, Hulver MW, McMillan RP, Markward NJ, Babin MJ, et al. Diet-genotype interactions in the development of the obese, insulin-resistant phenotype of C57BL/6J mice lacking melanocortin-3 or -4 receptors. Endocrinology. 2006;147(5):2183-96.##Ringholm S, Grunnet Knudsen J, Leick L, Lundgaard A, Munk Nielsen M, Pilegaard H. PGC-1alpha is required for exercise- and exercise training-induced UCP1 up-regulation in mouse white adipose tissue. PloS one. 2013;8(5):e64123.##Betz MJ, Bielohuby M, Mauracher B, Abplanalp W, Muller HH, Pieper K, et al. Isoenergetic feeding of low carbohydrate-high fat diets does not increase brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity in rats. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38997.##Sun C, Zeng R, Cao G, Song Z, Zhang Y, Liu C. Vibration Training Triggers Brown Adipocyte Relative Protein Expression in Rat White Adipose Tissue. BioMed research international. 2015;2015:919. 401##Tzanavari T, Giannogonas P, Karalis KP. TNF-alpha and obesity. Current directions in autoimmunity. 2010;11:145-56.##Koch CE, Lowe C, Pretz D, Steger J, Williams LM, Tups A. High-fat diet induces leptin resistance in leptin-deficient mice. Journal of neuroendocrinology. 2014;26(2):58-67.##Tsukita S, Yamada T, Uno K, Takahashi K, Kaneko K, Ishigaki Y, et al. Hepatic glucokinase modulates obesity predisposition by regulating BAT thermogenesis via neural signals. Cell metabolism. 2012;16(6):825-32.##Ueta K, O'Brien TP, McCoy GA, Kim K, Healey EC, Farmer TD, et al. Glucotoxicity targets hepatic glucokinase in Zucker diabetic fatty rats, a model of type 2 diabetes associated with obesity. American journal of physiology Endocrinology and metabolism. 2014;306(11):E1225-38.##Nedergaard J, Golozoubova V, Matthias A, Asadi A, Jacobsson A, Cannon B. UCP1: the only protein able to mediate adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolic inefficiency. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2001;1504(1):8106-2.##Wu MV, Bikopoulos G, Hung S, Ceddia RB. Thermogenic capacity is antagonistically regulated in classical brown and white subcutaneous fat depots by high fat diet and endurance training in rats: impact on whole-body energy expenditure. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2014;289(49):34129-40.##Peymani M, Ghaedi K, Irani S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma Activity is Required for Appropriate Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. Cell journal. 2016;18(2):221-8.##Suzuki D, Murata Y, Oda S. Change in Ucp1 mRNA expression following long-term cold exposure under normal or high-fat diet regimes in the cold-intolerant mammal, Suncus murinus. Exp Anim. 2006;55(5):467-71.##Rodriguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Mendez-Gimenez L, Fruhbeck G. Crosstalk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England). 2017;219(2):362-81.##Ost M, Coleman V, Kasch J, Klaus S. Regulation of myokine expression: Role of exercise and cellular stress. Freeradical biology & medicine. 2016;98:78-89.##Liang X, Yang Q, Zhang L, Maricelli JW, Rodgers BD, Zhu MJ, et al. Maternal high-fat diet during lactation impairs thermogenic function of brown adipose tissue in offspring mice. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34345.##Melancon MO, Lorrain D, Dionne IJ. Exercise and sleep in aging: emphasis on serotonin. Pathologie-biologie. 2014;62(5):276-83.##Crane JD, Palanivel R, Mottillo EP, Bujak AL, Wang H, Ford RJ, et al. Inhibiting peripheral serotonin synthesis reduces obesity and metabolic dysfunction by promoting brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Nature medicine. 2015;21(2):166-72.##Heijnen S, Hommel B, Kibele A, Colzato LS. Neuromodulation of Aerobic Exercise-A Review. Frontiers in psychology. 2015;6:1890.##Schneider JG, Nadeau JH. Turn up the heat: circulating serotonin tunes our internal heating system. Cell metabolism. 2015;21(2):156-8.##Brenmoehl J, Ohde D, Albrecht E, Walz C, Tuchscherer A, Hoeflich A. Browning of subcutaneous fat and higher surface temperature in response to phenotype selection for advanced endurance exercise performance in male DUhTP mice. Journal of comparative physiology B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology.2017;187(2):361-73.##Ryu V, Watts AG, Xue B, Bartness TJ. Bidirectional crosstalk between the sensory and sympathetic motor systems innervating brown and white adipose tissue in male Siberian hamsters. American journal of physiology Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology. 2017;312(3):R324-r37.##Richard D, Labrie A, Rivest S. Tissue specificity of SNS response to exercise in mice exposed to low temperatures. The American journal of physiology. 1992;262(5 Pt 2):R921-5.##