The Effect of High Intensity Interval Training on the Levels of Myocardial G-CSF, G-CSFR and C-Kit Proteins in Male Rats

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Alborz, Iran

2 Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Background & Purpose: High intensity training as a new training method can cause physiological cardiac hypertrophy and cardio protection by different pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of two weeks of high intensity training on G-CSF, G-CSFR (CD114) and C-kit proteins in the myocardial of male rats. Methodology: 10 male Wistar rats (weight 23.75 ± 8.7 gr) were divided into two groups of control and training. The training group performed two weeks of high intensity training in four parts. First part included three days and every day were two training sessions and every session were 4 repetition two-minutes with speed of 35-40 m/min and three slow repetition were with speed of 25-30 m/min between two intense repetitions. Second part: two days training similar the first part in the repetitions number, but with the difference that intensity repetition increased to 40-45 m/min and slow repetition to 28-32 m/min. The third part included three days of training; the number of repetitions in this session was made up to 5-intensity repetition and 4 slow repetition with intensity of the second part. The fourth part included of two days of training, similar to the third part, but with the difference that number intensity and slow repetitions, one repetition increased. G-CSF, G-CSFR and C-Kit proteins were measured by western blot method. Results: Independent t-test showed that there was a significant increase in G-CSF and C-Kit in the training group (P≥0.05). But, not significant difference in G-CSFR was shown between two groups. Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that even a short period of high intensity training with the increase of G-CSF and C-Kit levels can stimulate the formation of new myositis and this way activated the pathway of physiological cardiac hypertrophy and cardio protection.

Keywords


##Spaich S, Katus HA, Backs J. Ongoing controversies surrounding cardiac remodeling: is it black and whiteor rather fifty shades of gray? Front Physiol. 2015; 6:202.##Mihl C, Dassen WRM, Kuipers H. Cardiac remodelling: concentric versus eccentric hypertrophy in strength and endurance athletes. Neth Heart J. 2008, 16(4): 129–133.##Zhua SS, Mab JZ, Yong YH, Niu J, Zhang JN. Left ventricular function in physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy in Sprague– Dawley rats. Science & Sports. 2008;23: 299- 305.##McMullen JR, Jennings JL. Differences between pathological and physiological cardiac hypertrophy: novel therapeutic strategies to treat heart failure. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology. 2007;34:255-262.##Hildick-Smith DJ, Shapiro LM. Echocardiographic differentiation of pathological and physiological left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart 2001;85(6):615–19.##Adachi Y, Imagawa J-i, Suzuki Y, Yogo K, Fukazawa M, Kuromaru O, et al. G-CSF treatment increases side population cell infiltration after myocardial infarction in mice. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology. 2004; 36(5):707-10.##Dawn B, Guo Y, Rezazadeh A, Huang Y, Stein AB, Hunt G, et al. Postinfarct cytokine therapy regenerates cardiac tissue and improves left ventricular function. Circulation research. 2006; 98(8): 1098-105.##Kavazis A N, Exercise preconditioning of the myocardium. Sports Med 39 (2009) 923-935.##Ascensao A, Magalhaes J, Soares J, Ferreira R, Neuparth M J, Marques F, Oliveira P J, Duarte J A, Endurance training limits the functional alterations of heart rat mitochondria submitted to in vitro anoxia-reoxygenation. Int J Cardiol 109 (2006) 169-178.##Quindry J, French J, Hamilton K, Lee Y, Mehta J L, Powers S, Exercise training provides cardioprotection against ischemia–reperfusion induced apoptosis in young and old animals. Exp Gerontol 40 (2005) 416- 425.##Werner N, Kosiol S, Schiegl T, Ahlers P, Walenta K, Link A, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and cardiovascular outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(10):999-1007.##Ellison GM, Torella D, Dellegrottaglie S, Perez-Martinez C, de Prado AP, Vicinanza C, et al. Endogenous cardiac stem cell activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/hepatocyte growth factor intracoronary injection fosters survival and regeneration of the infarcted pig heart. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58(9):977-86.##Morici G, Zangla D, Santoro A, Pelosi E, Petrucci E, Gioia M, et al. Supramaximal exercise mobilizes hematopoietic progenitors and reticulocytes in athletes. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2005;289(5):R1496-R503.##Thijssen DH, Vos JB, Verseyden C, Van Zonneveld AJ, Smits P, Sweep FC, et al. Haematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in healthy men: effect of aging and training. Aging cell. 2006;5(6):495-503.##Craig Robert Wrig ht, Erin Louise Brown, Paul A. Della Gatta, Ioannis G. Fatouros, Leonidas G. Karagounis. Regulation of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor and Its Receptor in Skeletal Muscle is Dependent Upon the Type of Inflammatory Stimulus. JOURNAL OF INTERFERON & CYTOKINE RESEARCH. 2015; 35(9):710-19.##Balsam LB, Wagers AJ, Christensen JL, Kofidis T, Weissman IL, Robbins RC. Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium. Nature. 2004 Apr 8; 428(6983):668-73.##Barrios F, Filipponi D, Campolo F, Gori M, Bramucci F, Pellegrini M, Ottolenghi S, Rossi P, Jannini EA, Dolci S J. SOHLH1 and SOHLH2 control Kit expression during postnatal male germ cell development. Cell Sci. 2012. 125(6):1455-64.##uarte RFFrank DA. SCF and G-CSF lead to the synergistic induction of proliferation and gene expression through complementary signaling pathways. Blood. 2000; 96(10):3422-30.##Rezaei Sh, Matinhomaee H, Azarbayjani MA, Farzanegi P.  The Effect of Intense and Moderate Interval Aerobic Exercise and Curcumin Consumption on the Gene Expression of c-Kit in Stem Cells of Old Rats Heart. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences 7 (2017): 68-76.[persion].##Wardyn GG, Rennard SI, Brusnahan SK, McGuire TR, Carlson ML, Smith LM, et al. Effects of exercise on hematological parameters, circulating side population cells, and cytokines. Experimental hematology. 2008;36(2):216-23.##Suzuki K, Yamada M, Kurakake S, Okamura N, Yamaya K, Liu Q, et al. Circulating cytokines and hormones with immunosuppressive but neutrophil-priming potentials rise after endurance exercise in humans. European journal of applied physiology. 2000;81(4):281-7.##De Lisio M, Parise G. Characterization of the effects of exercise training on hematopoietic stem cell quantity and function. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012;113(10):1576-84.##Baker J, De Lisio M, Parise G. Endurance exercise training promotes medullary hematopoiesis. The FASEB Journal. 2011;25(12):4348-57.##Kunlin Jin, Xiao Ou Mao, Yunjuan Sun, Lin Xie, David A. Stem cell factor stimulates neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest. 2002;110(3):311–319.##K. Krüger, C. Pilat, M. Schild, N. Lindner, T. Frech, K. Muders, F. C. Mooren. Progenitor cell mobilization after exercise is related to systemic levels of G-CSF and muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(3):283-91.##Nadia H Agha, Forrest L, Baker Hawley E, Kunz Rachel Graff, Rod Azadan,. Vigorous Exercise Mobilizes CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Peripheral Blood Via the β2-Adrenergic Receptor. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 ;68:66-75.##Rahimi M, Shekarforoush S, Asgari AR, Khoshbaten A, Rajabi H, Bazgir B, et al. The effect of high intensity interval training on cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in wistar rats. Experimental and Clinical Sciences 2015;14:237-246.##Hazell, T.J., MacPherson, R.E.K., Gravelle, B.M.R., Lemon, P.W.R. 2010. 10 or 30-S Sprint Interval Training Bouts Enhance Both Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 110(1):153–60. PMID: 20424855.##Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Santoro A, Pagano M, Cascio L, Bonanno A, et al. Circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells in runners. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002;93(5):1691-7.##Aboutaleb, N, Shamsaei, N, Khaksari, M. Erfani, M, Rajabi, H, Nikbakht, F. Pre-ischemic exercise reduces apoptosis in hippocampal CA3 cells after cerebral ischemia by modulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 proteins ratio and prevention of caspase-3 activation. The Journal of Physiological Sciences.2015. 65(5):435-443.##Faramoushi M, Amir Sasan R, Sari Sarraf V, Karimi P. Cardiac fibrosis and down regulation of GLUT4 in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy are ameliorated by chronic exposures to intermittent altitude. Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 2016; 8(1): 26-33.##Whyte, L.J., Gill, J.M.R. & Cathcart, A.J., 2010. Effect of 2 weeks of sprint interval training on health-related outcomes in sedentary overweight/obese men. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 59(10): 1421–8. PMID: 20153487.##Astorino TAAllen RPRoberson DWJurancich M. 2012. Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiovascular function, VO2max, and muscular force. J Strength Cond Res.;26(1):138-45.##Ellison GM, Vicinanza C, Mendicino I, Sacco W, Purushothaman S, Indolfi C, et al, Exercise-induced cardiac stem cell activation and ensuing myocyte hyperplasia contribute to left ventricular remodeling, Proc Physiol Soc. 2008;11(1): C17.## Thomas J, Liu F, Link DC. "Mechanisms of mobilization of hematopoietic progenitors with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor". Current Opinion in Hematology. 2002. 9 (3): 183–9.##Anversa P, Kajstura J, Rota M, Leri A. Regenerating new heart with stem cells. J Clin Invest. 2013 Jan; 123(1):62-70.##S Di SienaR GimmelliS L NoriF BarbagalloF CampoloS DolciP RossiM A VenneriE Giannetta, D GianfrilliL Feigenbaum. Activated c-Kit receptor in the heart promotes cardiac repair and regeneration after injury. Cell Death Dis. 2016. 7(7):2317-25.##Waring CD, Henning BJ, Smith AJ, Nadal -Ginard B, Torella D, Ellison GM. Cardiac adaptations from 4 weeks of intensity- controlled vigorous exercise are lost after a similar period of detraining. Physiol Rep. 2015;3(2):e12302.##Lerchenmuller C, Rosenzweig A. Mecha-nisms of exercise-induced cardiac growth. Drug Discov Today2014; 19(7): 1003 –9.##Liu X, Xiao J, Zhu H, Wei X, Platt C, Damilano F, et al. miR-222 is necessary for exercise-induced cardiacgrowth and protects against pathological cardiac remodeling. Cell Metab.2015; 21(4):584–95.##Dong C, Yanli X, Ke Z, Ying W, Shiying Z, Dong K, et al. Crosstalk between SDF-1/CXCR4 and SDF- 1/CXCR7 in cardiac stem cell migration. Scirep. 2015;5(1):16813.##Dong C, Yanli X, Ke Z, Ying W, Shiying Z, Dong K, et al. Crosstalk between SDF-1/CXCR4 and SDF- 1/CXCR7 in cardiac stem cell migration. Scirep. 2015;5(1):16813.##Kavazis A N, Exercise preconditioning of the myocardium. Sports Med 39 (2009) 923-935.##Ellison GM, Torella D, Dellegrottaglie S, Perez-Martinez C, de Prado AP, Vicinanza C, et al. Endogenous cardiac stem cell activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/hepatocyte growth factor intracoronary injection fosters survival and regeneration of the infarcted pig heart. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2011;58(9):977-86.##Sandri M, Adams V, Gielen S, Linke A, Lenk K, Kränkel N, et al. Effects of exercise and ischemia on mobilization and functional activation of blood-derived progenitor cells in patients with ischemic syndromes Results of 3 randomized studies. Circulation. 2005;111(25):3391-9.##Bonsignore MR, Morici G, Santoro A, Pagano M, Cascio L, Bonanno A, et al. Circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells in runners. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2002;93(5):1691-7.##